Ignored Warnings, Repeated Shortcomings

The EU's inaction during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War institutionalised the failure of conflict prevention, creating the conditions for the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
Driven by path-dependent reliance on Moscow for energy security and incoherent foreign policy among its member states, the EU pursued appeasement politics towards Russia.
Deep economic integration with an autocratic state compromised the EU's political independence and served as the structural root cause of its peacekeeping failure.