European Integration and EU External Action

Main question: How does legal fragmentation across EU external action frameworks—security, human rights, economic policy, and digital governance—affect its capacity to act as a unified global actor?

Argument: Structural fragmentation and intergovernmental dominance create legal uncertainty, weaken enforcement, and reduce strategic effectiveness and coherence.

Conclusion: The EU must clarify competences, expand selective QMV, and close regulatory gaps to strengthen global actorness