Europe’s Defence Minilateralism

1. Main Question: How do European countries advance defence-industrial integration amid limited EU consensus? 2. Argument: In response to US dependence and fragmented EU structures, states pursue minilateral cooperation through bilateral/trilateral frameworks. 3. Conclusion: Europe balances agility and durability in defence industrial policy by combining soft-law diplomacy for early alignment with hard-law instruments for long-term strategic and industrial integration.