India’s New Trade Playbook with Europe

What do the contrasting India–EFTA TEPA and India–EU FTA negotiations reveal about India’s evolving trade policy?

The TEPA’s rapid conclusion versus the EU FTA’s long deadlock shows India’s shift from defensive multilateralism to pragmatic, investment-led bilateralism that prioritises industrial goals over tariff cuts.

India is not rejecting globalisation but reshaping it, opening selectively on its own strategic and developmental terms.