Realism

Realism is one of the dominant theories in international relations and it emphasises national interest as well as the role of power. It is based on the idea that the world order is anarchic, meaning there is no central authority. In this anarchy, the supreme goal of the state is to survive, so states prioritise their own security through alliances, military capabilities, and strategic calculations. This perspective views conflict among states as inherent to the international system, often undervaluing the role of international institutions and cooperation.